Varicocele

Description of Varicocele

Varicocele is the dilation of the veins in the scrotum (spermatic cord). The scrotum is an anatomical structure that contains the testicles. This condition often leads to a decrease in sperm quantity and quality, which can result in infertility. Fortunately, the disease is relatively easy to diagnose and treat properly.

The disease most commonly occurs in men aged 16-40 years. Varicocele develops in approximately 15-20% of men.

Cause of the Disease

It is believed that the disease occurs due to a pathology of the valves in the scrotal veins. Normally, veins have valves that allow blood to flow only in one direction (preventing backflow). When there is a defect in the valves, some blood flows back, leading to a certain blood stasis, which causes the veins to dilate.

Symptoms

Varicocele more often occurs on the left side, sometimes affecting both testicles simultaneously. Varicocele often does not cause any symptoms. Sometimes there may be a palpable pain. The pain can range from mild to very sharp. The pain worsens when sitting or exercising. When lying on the back, the pain decreases or disappears completely. Over time, varicocele increases and becomes more noticeable.

Diagnosis

First, the signs of the disease are determined. A physical examination is performed. Dilated veins may be palpable through the scrotal skin. If this is not possible, an ultrasound examination is performed.

Treatment

There are several treatment options available. Open surgical treatment is rarely used nowadays. Laparoscopic techniques are usually employed. The newest treatment method is vein embolization. During this procedure, certain substances (sclerosing agents) are injected into the blood vessel through a catheter to close the vein.

The prognosis of the disease is good. Timely diagnosis and treatment prevent deterioration of testicular function and infertility.

Source | Author Doctor Nikas Samuolis, reviewed by Prof. Virginijus Šapoka | Vilnius University | Faculty of Medicine | Head of the Department of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, and Oncology