Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer originates in the ovaries, the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This type of cancer often goes undetected until it has spread within the pelvis and abdomen, making it more challenging to treat.
Causes and risk factors
While the exact cause of ovarian cancer remains unclear, several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing the disease, including:
- Age: Most cases occur in women aged 50-60.
- Genetic mutations: Inherited mutations in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2 significantly increase risk.
- Family history: Having close relatives with ovarian or breast cancer.
- Reproductive history: Early menstruation or late menopause.
Symptoms
Ovarian cancer symptoms can be vague and are often mistaken for other conditions. Common symptoms include:
- Abdominal bloating or swelling
- Quickly feeling full when eating
- Weight loss
- Pelvic discomfort
- Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
- Frequent need to urinate
Diagnosis
Healthcare providers diagnose ovarian cancer through a combination of pelvic examinations, imaging tests (such as ultrasounds or CT scans), blood tests, and biopsies of ovarian tissue.
Treatment
Treatment options depend on the stage and type of ovarian cancer and may include:
- Surgery: To remove one or both ovaries and affected tissues.
- Chemotherapy: To kill or shrink cancer cells.
- Targeted therapy: To attack specific cancer cells.
- Radiation therapy: Less commonly used but involves using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
Source | Author Doctor Nikas Samuolis, reviewed by Prof. Virginijus Šapoka | Vilnius University | Faculty of Medicine | Head of the Department of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, and Oncology