Vaginal bleeding

Common symptoms

• Spotting: Light bleeding, often seen outside of a regular menstrual period.
• Heavy bleeding: Significant blood flow, which may soak through pads or tampons quickly.
• Irregular bleeding: Bleeding that occurs at unexpected times, not aligning with the menstrual cycle.
• Postmenopausal bleeding: Any bleeding that occurs after menopause.
• Accompanied symptoms: May include cramps, pain, dizziness, or fatigue depending on the cause.

Possible causes

• Menstrual cycle variations: Changes in cycle length or flow.
• Hormonal imbalances: Conditions like thyroid disorders or polycystic ovary syndrome.
• Pregnancy-related issues: Implantation bleeding, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, or placental abruption.
• Infections: Pelvic inflammatory disease or sexually transmitted infections.
• Medical conditions: Fibroids, polyps, or cancers of the reproductive system.
• Medications: Birth control methods or blood thinners.

When to seek medical attention

• Heavy bleeding or soaking through sanitary products within an hour.
• Bleeding during pregnancy.
• Postmenopausal bleeding.
• Accompanying severe pain or discomfort.

Diagnosis and treatment

• Medical history and physical exam: To understand the context and symptoms.
• Diagnostic tests: Blood tests, ultrasound, Pap smear, or biopsy.
• Treatment: Varies based on the cause and may involve medications, hormonal therapy, or surgery.

Source | Author Doctor Nikas Samuolis, reviewed by Prof. Virginijus Šapoka | Vilnius University | Faculty of Medicine | Head of the Department of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, and Oncology