Seasonality of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia
Description of the Disease Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency anemia results from impaired DNA synthesis in cells. This leads to ineffective erythropoiesis and early disintegration of red blood cells. The prevalence is around 9 cases per 100,000 people per year.
Causes and Risk Factors Vitamin B12 must be obtained from food, with a daily dose of 5 mg. Folic acid requires 100 mg daily, increasing to 400 mg during pregnancy. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can arise from strict vegetarian diets, impaired absorption, gastric surgeries, or gastrointestinal pathologies. Folic acid deficiency is linked to a poor diet, especially in alcoholics and the elderly, certain medical conditions, and some medications.
Symptoms Symptoms develop gradually and include fatigue, decreased work capacity, pallor, yellowish skin, vitiligo, and a smooth, red tongue. Neurological symptoms include tingling and numbness, particularly in the toes and hands. There can also be heavy legs, coordination issues, and in advanced cases, limb weakness and partial paralysis.
Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on medical history and physical symptoms. Blood tests show decreased hemoglobin and red blood cell count, with increased iron, LDH, and indirect bilirubin levels. Doctors also perform microscopic analysis of red blood cell morphology and examine the bone marrow.
Treatment Treatment addresses the underlying cause. Doctors administer vitamin B12 and folic acid supplements. They also promote a balanced diet and advise avoiding alcohol.
Seasonality Seasonal dietary changes and reduced sunlight exposure, particularly in winter and early spring, can affect vitamin intake and synthesis. Maintaining a diet rich in vitamin B12 and folic acid year-round is crucial for prevention. This includes consuming fortified foods and leafy greens. Regular health check-ups can aid early detection and management.
By being aware of potential seasonality and making appropriate dietary adjustments, individuals can better manage their risk of developing this type of anemia.
